This is one of the most important results of the present research that might be used by various users including decision makers, managers, and practitioners of water resources management in Iran and generally the world. The results revealed that the both models had good predictive powers However, DPMCA was a stronger framework than EMSICA for facilitating farmers' collective behaviors in the field of participation in ASR management. In this study, the ability of the dual-pathway model of collective action (DPMCA) and the encapsulation model of social identity in collective action (EMSICA) was evaluated and compared to explain farmers' intentions towards participation in ASR management. For this purpose, using a cross-sectional survey, 330 Iranian farmers were interviewed. In this regard, the investigation of farmers' intention to participate in ASR and its determinants, using social identity models of collective action, was selected as the main purpose of the present study. In this process, farmers are considered as the most important stakeholders and limited studies have been conducted on their intentions to participate in collective actions of ASR management. Implementation of this method would entail the participation and collective action of various stakeholders. Nevertheless, the current structure of the water governance system in Iran and the absence of a comprehensive understanding of the root causes of the problem leave minimal hope of developing sustainable solutions to Iran’s unprecedented water problems.Īquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is considered as an innovative method and an alternative one for sustainable management of water resources that has, in recent years, attracted the attention of experts and thinkers. In theory, this problem can be resolved by re-establishing the balance between water supply and demand through developing additional sources of water supply and implementing aggressive water demand reduction plans. “water bankruptcy,” where water demand exceeds the natural water supply. It is argued that while climatic changes and economic sanctions are commonly blamed as the main drivers of water problems, Iran is mainly suffering from a socio-economic drought-i.e. This paper overviews the major drivers of Iran’s water problems. This is evidenced by drying lakes, rivers and wetlands, declining groundwater levels, land subsidence, water quality degradation, soil erosion, desertification and more frequent dust storms. Frequent droughts coupled with over-abstraction of surface and groundwater through a large network of hydraulic infrastructure and deep wells have escalated the nation’s water situation to a critical level. Iran is currently experiencing serious water problems.
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